Minerals called electrolytes possess an electric charge that supports your body’s ability to perform important processes. Present in blood, bodily fluids and tissues, electrolytes help balance the levels of water within and outside your cells, deliver nutrients to cells, eliminate waste from cells, and maintain the functioning of your brain, heart, muscles and nerves.
You take in electrolytes, such as calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphate, potassium and sodium, from the food and fluids you consume. Too much or too little water in your body can disrupt your electrolyte balance, which can be harmful to your health.
Common causes of an electrolyte imbalance include:
- Conditions affecting the kidneys or liver
- Certain medications
- Vomiting, sweating or diarrhea, which can lead to dehydration
Symptoms of electrolyte imbalance
Electrolytes help regulate pH levels in the body — how acidic versus alkaline a particular environment is. A stable pH level allows your organs and tissues to function properly. If electrolytes are out of balance due to dehydration, the pH level in your body decreases, causing an acid buildup known as metabolic acidosis.
Symptoms of this type of electrolyte imbalance include:
- Confusion
- Fatigue
- Headache
- Increased heart rate
If your electrolyte levels are imbalanced due to overhydration, your pH levels increase, causing your body to become too alkaline (known as metabolic alkalosis).
Symptoms of this condition include:
- Confusion
- Hand tremor
- Lightheadedness
- Muscle spasms
- Nausea
Diagnosing and treating an electrolyte imbalance
To determine what is causing your electrolyte imbalance, your doctor or other health care provider will review your symptoms, conduct a physical exam and perform blood and urine tests. Treatment for an electrolyte imbalance may include administering intravenous fluids, such as a sodium chloride solution, or an injection of calcium.