Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease that affects the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord. MS occurs when the immune system attacks and damages the myelin sheath — a protective covering that surrounds nerve cells.
Damage or destruction of the myelin sheath can disrupt communication between the brain and the body, causing problems with muscle control and strength, vision, balance, feeling, and thinking. It is not known exactly what triggers the immune system to attack; however, researchers suspect it is a combination of genetics and environmental triggers. Where a person lives may also play a role — cases of MS are more common in parts of the world farther from the equator.
Symptoms of multiple sclerosis
MS symptoms can vary widely from person to person, and they may also change over time. People with MS may experience periods of relapse (or flare-ups) when symptoms worsen, followed by periods of remission when symptoms improve or stabilize.
Common symptoms of multiple sclerosis include:
- Bowel and bladder problems
- Changes in cognition (thinking) or memory
- Depression and other mood changes
- Difficulty walking
- Fatigue
- Muscle weakness, stiffness or spasms
- MS hug (dysesthesia) — a squeezing sensation around the chest or stomach
- Numbness or tingling in the face or other parts of the body
- Persistent pain in the joints, back or other areas of the body
- Sexual functioning problems
- Vision problems such as blurred vision or pain associated with eye movement
Many people with MS report that symptoms temporarily worsen in hot weather or after activities that raise body temperature.
Diagnosing and treating multiple sclerosis
Diagnosing multiple sclerosis can be challenging because many other diseases share the same symptoms. The diagnostic process often involves ruling out other potential causes of your symptoms. In addition to reviewing your medical history, discussing your symptoms and conducting a neurological exam, your doctor or other health care provider may recommend a number of tests to help diagnose MS. Tests may include:
- Blood tests
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- Nerve conduction tests
- Spinal tap (lumbar puncture)
Learn more about types of neurological testing and evaluation.
Treatment for multiple sclerosis typically aims to slow the progression of the disease, manage symptoms and reduce the frequency and severity of relapses. Your treatment plan may include:
- Medications. There are a variety of oral and injectable medications available to help manage MS. Medications may be prescribed to treat relapses or alleviate symptoms. Depending on your individual circumstances, your provider may recommend medications known as disease-modifying therapies that aim to alter the progression of the disease and prevent damage to the central nervous system.
- Regular checkups. Your care team may use medical imaging scans such as MRI to monitor the progression of the disease and evaluate the effectiveness of treatment.
- Lifestyle modifications. A healthy lifestyle that includes a nutritious diet, regular exercise, stress management and adequate sleep can help manage symptoms and support overall well-being.
- Rehabilitation. Physical therapy, occupational therapy and speech therapy can help maintain or regain physical function and improve mobility.
- Supportive care. Emotional and psychological support, such as counseling, can be beneficial for dealing with the emotional impact of living with multiple sclerosis.